- *G62 *1 ἀγράμματος (ag-ram-mat-os) : from G1 (as negative particle) and G1121; unlettered, i.e. illiterate:--unlearned.
25. Acts 4:13 Un-lettered
Acts 4:13 Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus. [kjv]
θεωρουντες δε την του πετρου παρρησιαν και ιωαννου και καταλαβομενοι οτι ανθρωποι αγραμματοι εισιν και ιδιωται εθαυμαζον επεγινωσκον τε αυτους οτι συν τω ιησου ησαν [gnt]
videntes autem Petri constantiam et Iohannis conperto quod homines essent sine litteris et idiotae admirabantur et cognoscebant eos quoniam cum Iesu fuerant [v]
The English word
"idiot" is, through French, from the Latin word
"idoti" ≈ "idiot" and is from the ancient Greek word
"ἰδιώτης" ≈ "layperson" as one who does not have professional knowledge. This is from the ancient Greek word
"ἴδιος" ≈ "one's own".
The ancient Greek word
"ἰδιώτης" ≈ "private person, commoner, layman, amateur, outsider". The
KJV (King James Version) uses "
ignorant" while the Greek is closer to "
unlearned". Perhaps the
KJV did not want to repeat the word as "
unlearned and unlearned`" and, instead, used "
unlearned and ignorant".
26. Acts 4:13 Un-lettered
Acts 4:13 Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John, and perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they marvelled; and they took knowledge of them, that they had been with Jesus. [kjv]
θεωρουντες δε την του πετρου παρρησιαν και ιωαννου και καταλαβομενοι οτι ανθρωποι αγραμματοι εισιν και ιδιωται εθαυμαζον επεγινωσκον τε αυτους οτι συν τω ιησου ησαν [gnt]
Which of the following might be true of Peter and John?
☐ They did not know their Aramaic letters.
☐ They did not know their Hebrew letters.
☐ They did not know their Greek letters.
☐ They did not know the Aramaic language.
☐ They did not know the Hebrew language (dead language).
☐ They did not know the Greek language.
How hard would it have been for someone growing up speaking Aramaic or Greek to learn to read and write Aramaic or Greek?
How hard would it have been to learn to read and write Hebrew? Hebrew had been a dead language for over 500 years.
27. Proverbs 25:2 Honor business
Proverbs 25:2 It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. [kjv]
כבד … וכבד … [he]
δοξα θεου κρυπτει λογον δοξα δε βασιλεως τιμα πραγματα [lxx]
The glory of God conceals a matter: but the glory of a king honours business. [bs3]
What might the phrase "
honors" "
business" from the Brenton Septuagint mean?
"τιμή" ≈ "honor, value" as in "Timothy" as "honoring God".
"πράγμα" ≈ "thing" as in an actual thing, entity or object as in the English word "pragmatic". "πράγματα" ≈ "things" as in actual things and not conceptual things.
"λόγος" ≈ "rational explanation, word" as any English word ending in "-logy".
Paraphrase of
LXX (Septuagint):
It is the glory/opinion of God to hide a rational explanation (for things) but the glory/opinion of a king to honor/value those things (without knowing all the reasoning).
28. Lucian's The Ass
The
ancient Greek word
"ὄνος" ≈ "ass, donkey"
This book appears to be available as a
PDF (Portable Document Format). (as of 2025-12-23).
Lucian of Samosata (125-180) was a second century Hellenized (made to adopt Greek culture) Syrian writer who often used satire in his writings. He combined the classical Greek style (in a funny way) with the common or Koine Greek spoken by the people. As such, it contains many Greek words used in the
GNT.
29. Koine and Attic Greek
One often hears how Koine Greek and Attic Greek were very different. This is somewhat like saying that street English and academic English are very different. People on the street may not understand the big words are complex grammar structures, but they get the gist of what is being said.
The Greek writer Lucian wrote many works in the second century that used Koine Greek but poked fun at the Attic Greek. These books would not have been popular had the readers (or listeners) not understood both languages.
Claiming that Koine Greek and Attic Greek were very different is sometimes used to rationalize changing the translation of the Greek to fit what the translator would like the text to say.
30. Microsoft Co-Pilot AI
Query:
How well could speakers of Koine Greek understand those speaking in Attic Greek?
Answer:
The ability of speakers of Koine Greek to understand those speaking in Attic Greek would have been quite good due to the shared linguistic roots and the evolution of Greek dialects. Koine Greek, which emerged after the conquests of Alexander the Great, was based mainly on Attic and related Ionic speech forms. This evolution allowed for a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two dialects. However, the simplification of Koine Greek, particularly in terms of vowel length distinctions and the merger of several vowels and diphthongs, would have made it more straightforward for speakers of Koine Greek to understand Attic Greek. Source: Wikipedia.
Microsoft Co-Pilot AI. (as of 2026-04-14)
31. The languages spoken by Jesus and the disciples
Matthew 18:3 And said, Verily I say unto you, Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven. [kjv]
There are various schools of though on whether Jesus spoke Aramaic or Greek. Most educated people in the Roman Empire studied and spoke Latin, Greek and a native language in their area of birth or location, such as Aramaic in Judea.
Many in Judea grew up speaking both from birth. It is likely that Jesus and the disciples knew and spoke both Aramaic and Greek and, perhaps, some Latin. Few could read Hebrew and it was no longer spoken.
Living language: Spoken by children without formal reading and writing, grammar, spelling, etc.
Dead language: Not spoken by children as in not living.
32. Hebrew and Aramaic
Hebrew is classified as a Semitic language which belongs to the Canaanite group of languages which are a branch of the Northwest Semit family of languages. Hebrew became extinct as a spoken language during the Babylonian exile in the seventh century BC when the Aramaic language became the predominant international language in the region. (p. 7, Chaim Bentorah,
Hebrew Word Study: Beyond the Lexicon, 2014).
The Jews switched from Hebrew to Aramaic in less than 70 years.
Greek was the predominant international language in the entire Middle East for 350 years.
Might Jesus and the disciples have spoken Greek as well as Aramaic? If one grows up speaking a language as a child, how hard is it to learn to read and write that language?
33. Alphabets and sound mappings
|
Aramaic
|
Greek
|
 |
 |
Language
learning:
very difficult
|
Language
learning:
much easier
|
Hebrew: (no vowels)
Letters:
Bet: "b" or "v".
Kaf: "k" or "kh".
Pe: "p" or "f".
Shin: "s" or "sh".
Tzadi: "ts" or "t".
Sounds:
"s": Samech or Shin
"k" (guttural) Chet or Kof or Kaf
"t": Tet or Tav
"z": Zayin or Tzadi
34. Language learning difficulty
 |
 |
Aramaic
alphabet
|
Greek
alphabet
|
Language
learning:
very difficult
|
Language
learning:
much easier
|
Some will claim an average low literacy rate in the population at the time of the
GNT keeping those illiterate peasants from being able to read and write.
At the time, life and survival was hard, and there was little payback to learning to read and write.
The proper question is the following: How hard would it have been for someone who grew up learning to hear and speak a language to be able to read and write that language?
Aramaic: very difficult
Greek: much easier
35. Aristotle: Opinion and knowledge
English: These considerations make it clear that it is impossible to have opinion and knowledge at the same time about the same object; otherwise one would apprehend that the same thing both could and could not be otherwise. (Loeb#391, p. 171)
Greek: Φανερὸν δ' ἐκ τούτων ὅτι οὐδὲ δοξάζειν ἅμα τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ ἐπίστασθαι ἐνδέχεται.ἅμα γὰρ ἂν ἔχοι ὑπόληψιν τοῦ ἄλλως ἔχειν καὶ μὴ ἄλλως τὸ αὐτό· Aristotle: Posterior Analytics [89a]
One destroys an opinion posing as knowledge by pointing out reality, invalid logic, assumptions, etc. If a model explains some, but not all, phenomena, one cannot discredit the model by pointing out what it does not explain. One really needs to come up with a better model. Example:
Older model: Newtonian physics (still valid in many respects)
Newer model: quantum and/or relativistic physics
Is a model an opinion? Is quantum mechanics an opinion?
36. Matthew 6:11 Translation issue
Matthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
τον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie [v]
Early church fathers, theologians, commentators, etc., could not understand how the word as
"daily" could make sense. Phillip W. Comfort,
New Testament Text and Translation Commentary, 2008, p. 15.
Some thought the word, appearing only here (and Luke) in this exact form, was coined as a unique word.
Some (e.g., Jerome in the Latin Vulgate, etc.) used the constituent parts of the word using one division of the word, as a calque meaning "necessary for existence".
Some used the constituent parts, and similar words found elsewhere, to mean "for the following day".
37. Matthew 6:11
Matthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
τον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
yyue … dai …breed … othir substaunce… [wy]
The early church fathers eventually came to a mutual agreement of the meaning of this verse as it appears today. [Robertson translation/notes, Origen (185-254)]
Is the traditional translation inspired?
If the traditional translation changes what Jesus actually said, explain how it can be inspired?
Discuss: In understanding what Jesus said (and meant), is it better to go by what Jesus actually said (e.g., as recorded by Matthew) or by the opinion of the early church fathers who changed what Jesus actually said?
38. Matthew 24:34-35 Preterism
Matthew 24:34 Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled. [kjv]
αμην λεγω υμιν οτι ου μη παρελθη η γενεα αυτη εως αν παντα ταυτα γενηται [gnt]
… non praeteribit … [v]
24:35 Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away. [kjv]
ο ουρανος και η γη παρελευσεται οι δε λογοι μου ου μη παρελθωσιν [gnt]
caelum … terra transibunt … non praeteribunt [v]
In Revelation, the Greek word for
"quickly" is often translated as
"soon" to support the idea that Jesus is coming
"soon" or that the events in Revelation were fulfilled in the first century - a view called
preterism. The English word
"preterism" cames from
"preterite" which comes, through French, from the Latin word
"praeteritum" ≈ "time past" which comes from the Latin word
"praeter" ≈ "beyond, before, above, more than".
39. Matthew 7:13 What hell fasting annoyance
Matthew 7:13 Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: [kjv]
εισελθατε δια της στενης πυλης οτι πλατεια και ευρυχωρος η οδος η απαγουσα εις την απωλειαν και πολλοι εισιν οι εισερχομενοι δι αυτης [gnt]
"δια" ≈ "through" and "της" ≈ "(of) the".
"τι" ≈ "what" and "αδης" ≈ "hades, hell".
The Greek phrase "
through the" with singular feminine noun appears
71 times in the
GNT and
38 times in the
LXX. Jesus uses the phrase
2 times, once here and once in the corresponding verses in Luke. The ending of the word has hints of
Satan.
40. Matthew 7:13 Fasting annoyance
Matthew 7:13 Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: [kjv]
εισελθατε δια της στενης πυλης οτι πλατεια και ευρυχωρος η οδος η απαγουσα εις την απωλειαν και πολλοι εισιν οι εισερχομενοι δι αυτης [gnt]
Good: Enter through the narrow gate ...
Bad: Enter as a way of life narrow caves/dens ...
Ugly: Enter what hell fasting annoyance ...
The first word,
"εισελθατε" ≈ "enter (you)",
1 time in this form in the
GNT, has ending hint of
Satan.
41. Matthew 12:40 Heart through the earth
Matthew 12:40 For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. [kjv]
ωσπερ γαρ ην ιωνας εν τη κοιλια του κητους τρεις ημερας και τρεις νυκτας ουτως εσται ο υιος του ανθρωπου εν τη καρδια της γης τρεις ημερας και τρεις νυκτας [gnt]
"δια" ≈ "through" and "της" ≈ "the".
"τι" ≈ "what" and "αδης" ≈ "hades, hell".
42. Matthew 18:4 Humbled at the same level
Matthew 18:4 Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. [kjv]
οστις ουν ταπεινωσει εαυτον ως το παιδιον τουτο ουτος εστιν ο μειζων εν τη βασιλεια των ουρανων [gnt]
The
ancient Greek word
"ταπεινός" ≈ "low-lying, humbled, downcast". The
KJV often translates the Greek word for
"humbled" as
"abased". By contrast, as a Spoonerism,
"πετεινός" ≈ "bird"
How might this
child have been
"humbled"?
Humility is not thinking less of yourself, but thinking of yourself less. C.S. Lewis
43. Matthew 5:13 Salt code word
Matthew 5:13 Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men. [kjv]
υμεις εστε το αλας της γης εαν δε το αλας μωρανθη εν τινι αλισθησεται εις ουδεν ισχυει ετι ει μη βληθεν εξω καταπατεισθαι υπο των ανθρωπων [gnt]
 |
 |
play on words
(bad)
|
Spoonerism
(ugly)
|
You are the salt of the earth. (good)
You are the threshing floor or halo of the earth. (bad)
You are the people of the earth. (ugly)
44. Matthew 26:23 In the three boat
Matthew 26:23 And he answered and said, He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. [kjv]
ο δε αποκριθεις ειπεν ο εμβαψας μετ εμου την χειρα εν τω τρυβλιω ουτος με παραδωσει [gnt]
What might the "
three" "
boat" play on words represent? English:
"friendship". German:
"Freundschaft" ≈ "friendship".
Play: "in" "the" "boat" or "ship" (Which boat?). [three-peat]
Play: "three" "boat" or "ship" (Trinity?) [ship/shape]
45. Papal cross
 |
Papal cross
|
The Papal Cross is the official emblem of the Pope in the Roman Catholic Church, used to signify his supreme authority and office. It is depicted as a staff topped with three horizontal bars, each shorter than the one before it, creating a diminishing pattern
Source: Bing Copilot AI (as of 2026-04-07)
The three bars carry multiple symbolic meanings:
The Holy Trinity — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit Symbol Sage+1.
The Pope’s threefold role — leader, teacher, and worship leader Symbol Sage.
The three realms of papal authority — spiritual, temporal, and material Symbol Sage.
The three theological virtues — Faith, Hope, and Love Symbol Sage.
Source: Bing Copilot AI (as of 2026-04-07)
46. Set reasoning
A common response when I mention several logical errors in a certain reasoning, I sometimes hear the comment, "
Well, which one is it?", as if that itself is an error in reasoning and makes the reasoning not true. This is an example of the fact check fallacy, a common Sophist (clever, cunning) technique.
There are often multiple possible errors whereas there is only one way to have no errors (0 value). Example: A person was arrested for the following (all at the same time).
☐ DUI. ☐ speeding. ☐ no license. (and so on)
Which one is it?
[GUI: option buttons as distinct values, check boxes as members of sets]
47. Bit and set reasoning
0110 six
0110 six
0110 six
48. Bit and set reasoning
49. Bit and set reasoning
Bits have two values, 0=no=off or 1=yes=on: 2=4=blue 1=2=green 0=1=red
Sets: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (8 values, decimal)
Sets: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 (8 values, binary)
Which one was it? Check all that apply.
50. Ezekiel 15:6 Trees and fire for fuel
Ezekiel 15:6 Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As the vine tree among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so will I give the inhabitants of Jerusalem. [kjv]
δια τουτο ειπον ταδε λεγει κυριος ον τροπον το ξυλον της αμπελου εν τοις ξυλοις του δρυμου ο δεδωκα αυτο τω πυρι εις αναλωσιν ουτως δεδωκα τους κατοικουντας ιερουσαλημ [lxx]
Therefore say, Thus says the Lord, As the vine tree amongst the trees of the forest, which I have given up to the fire to be consumed, so have I given up the inhabitants of Jerusalem. [bs3]
What is a "
vine" "
tree"?
The
LXX differs from the
HOT (Hebrew Old Testament) as translated by the
KJV.
51. Ezekiel 15:6
KJV: Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; As the vine tree among the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so will I give the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
Hebrew: לכן כה אמר אדני יהוה כאשר עץ הגפן בעץ היער אשר נתתיו לאש לאכלה כן נתתי את ישבי ירושלם׃
Greek: δια τουτο ειπον ταδε λεγει κυριος ον τροπον το ξυλον της αμπελου εν τοις ξυλοις του δρυμου ο δεδωκα αυτο τω πυρι εις αναλωσιν ουτως δεδωκα τους κατοικουντας ιερουσαλημ
Brenton: Therefore say, Thus says the Lord, As the vine tree amongst the trees of the forest, which I have given up to the fire to be consumed, so have I given up the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
52. Isaiah 24:2
Isaiah 24:2 And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him. [kjv]
και εσται ο λαος ως ο ιερευς και ο παις ως ο κυριος και η θεραπαινα ως η κυρια εσται ο αγοραζων ως ο πωλων και ο δανειζων ως ο δανειζομενος και ο οφειλων ως ω οφειλει [lxx]
53. Isaiah 24:2
KJV: And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him.
Hebrew: והיה כעם ככהן כעבד כאדניו כשפחה כגברתה כקונה כמוכר כמלוה כלוה כנשה כאשר נשא בו׃
Greek: και εσται ο λαος ως ο ιερευς και ο παις ως ο κυριος και η θεραπαινα ως η κυρια εσται ο αγοραζων ως ο πωλων και ο δανειζων ως ο δανειζομενος και ο οφειλων ως ω οφειλει
54. Abstract ideas to concrete measures
One cannot easily measure what is abstract. Thus, converting abstract ideas to concrete measures helps insure compliance with ideas and determine who it is who is "
great" or "
greater".
"ἑτερόδοξος" ≈ "heterodox" from "ἕτερος" ≈ "other - different" and "δόξα" ≈ "opinion, expectation".
"ὀρθόδοξος" ≈ "orthodox" from "ὀρθός" ≈ "straight, upright, erect" and "δόξα" ≈ "opinion, expectation".
"glory" from the Latin word "gloria" ≈ "renown, fame, honor" and used to translate "δόξα" ≈ "opinion, expectation".
"δόξα" ≈ "opinion, expectation" as an abstract inward idea.
"ἔπαινος" ≈ "approval, praise" as a concrete outward expression.
What does it mean for a pastor to preach that "
God will not share his glory with anyone"?
What does it mean for the music leader to say, before a worship song, "
Let's all get up and give our glory to God."?
55. Isaiah 2:20
Isaiah 2:20 In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats; [kjv]
τη γαρ ημερα εκεινη εκβαλει ανθρωπος τα βδελυγματα αυτου τα αργυρα και τα χρυσα α εποιησαν προσκυνειν τοις ματαιοις και ταις νυκτερισιν [lxx]
For in that day a man shall cast forth his silver and gold abominations, which they made in order to worship vanities and bats; [bs3]
The second "
idols" is
not in the
LXX.
Rather than "
moles", the
LXX uses
"ματαιοις" ≈ "vain, futile, empty, worthless".
56. Isaiah 2:20
KJV: In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which they made each one for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats;
Hebrew: ביום ההוא ישליך האדם את אלילי כספו ואת אלילי זהבו אשר עשו לו להשתחות לחפר פרות ולעטלפים׃
Greek: τη γαρ ημερα εκεινη εκβαλει ανθρωπος τα βδελυγματα αυτου τα αργυρα και τα χρυσα α εποιησαν προσκυνειν τοις ματαιοις και ταις νυκτερισιν
Brenton: For in that day a man shall cast forth his silver and gold abominations, which they made in order to worship vanities and bats;
57. Into the fire
"και" ≈ "and" and "εις" ≈ "into".
"καίεις" ≈ "(you) burn" (second person singular indicative).
Usage:
| Greek |
και εις |
και εις πυρ |
| English |
and into |
and into fire |
| LXX |
309 |
0 |
| GNT |
72 |
4 |
The
three usages of "
into the fire" it the
GNT are as follows. There are none in the
LXX.
Man: Mark 9:11 - man describing son thrown into the fire
Jesus: Matthew 3:10 - trees not causing good fruit thrown into the fire
Jesus: Matthew 7:19 - trees not causing good fruit thrown into the fire
58. John 15:6 Into the fire
John 15:6 If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned. [kjv]
εαν μη τις μενη εν εμοι εβληθη εξω ως το κλημα και εξηρανθη και συναγουσιν αυτα και εις το πυρ βαλλουσιν και καιεται [gnt]
John uses a more conventional word order in describing being thrown into the
"fire" using
"and" "into" "the" "fire".
The
TR (Textus Receptus) omits "το" ≈ "the" (neuter definitive article) in order to match the phrasing used in Matthew.
59. John 15:6
KJV: If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned.
Greek: εαν μη τις μεινη μενη εν εμοι εβληθη εξω ως το κλημα και εξηρανθη και συναγουσιν αυτα και εις το πυρ βαλλουσιν και καιεται
60. House
To what might the word
"house" refer when used by Jesus?
☐ Individual
☐ Group of people
Is the one "
building" (literal) or "
edifying" (figurative) that
"house" that is being built? Explain.
In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus talks about the "
foolish" man and the "
prudent" man. Each "
builds" or "
edifies" a
"house". One on "
sand". One on "
rock".
 |
Details are left as a future topic.
|
61. Proverbs 21:12
Proverbs 21:12 The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked: but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness. [kjv]
συνιει δικαιος καρδιας ασεβων και φαυλιζει ασεβεις εν κακοις [lxx]
A righteous man understands the hearts of the ungodly: and despises the ungodly for their wickedness. [bs3]
This verse appears to go with the next verse.
62. Proverbs 21:12
KJV: The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked: but God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness.
Hebrew: משכיל צדיק לבית רשע מסלף רשעים לרע׃
Greek: συνιει δικαιος καρδιας ασεβων και φαυλιζει ασεβεις εν κακοις
Brenton: A righteous man understands the hearts of the ungodly: and despises the ungodly for their wickedness.
63. Hosea 2:6
Hosea 2:6 Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall, that she shall not find her paths. [kjv]
δια τουτο ιδου εγω φρασσω την οδον αυτης εν σκολοψιν και ανοικοδομησω τας οδους αυτης και την τριβον αυτης ου μη ευρη [lxx]
The Hebrew parallelism associates "
hedge" with "
wall" as in a "
dam".
64. Hosea 2:6
KJV: Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall, that she shall not find her paths.
Hebrew: לכן הנני שך את דרכך בסירים וגדרתי את גדרה ונתיבותיה לא תמצא׃
Greek: δια τουτο ιδου εγω φρασσω την οδον αυτης εν σκολοψιν και ανοικοδομησω τας οδους αυτης και την τριβον αυτης ου μη ευρη
65. Proverbs 21:13
Proverbs 21:13 Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. [kjv]
ος φρασσει τα ωτα του μη επακουσαι ασθενους και αυτος επικαλεσεται και ουκ εσται ο εισακουων [lxx]
In the
LXX, the Greek word translated as "
poor" from the
HOT is that of
"weak" or
"not strong" or
"sickly".
The ancient Greek word
"σθένος" ≈ "strength, might, power". Prefixing the
negating alpha results in
"ἀσθενής" ≈ "without strength, feeble, sickly, insignificant".
66. Proverbs 21:13
Proverbs 21:13 Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard. [kjv]
ος φρασσει τα ωτα του μη επακουσαι ασθενους και αυτος επικαλεσεται και ουκ εσται ο εισακουων [lxx]
The idea appears to be that of "
crying" "
wolf" in a
reverse sense.
This verse is used by many to claim that if one does not help the
destitute poor, God will
not hear your prayers.
Does God hear all prayers or wishes (same Greek word)?
Does God answer all prayers or wishes (same Greek word)?
Is the answer always what is desired?
67. Proverbs 21:13
KJV: Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself, but shall not be heard.
Hebrew: אטם אזנו מזעקת דל גם הוא יקרא ולא יענה׃
Greek: ος φρασσει τα ωτα του μη επακουσαι ασθενους και αυτος επικαλεσεται και ουκ εσται ο εισακουων
Brenton: He that stops his ears from hearing the poor, himself also shall cry, and there shall be none to hear him.
68. Mediators
In causal theory, a mediator is something that appears as the cause from A to effect B.
... more to be added ...
69. Human computer adaptations
User interfaces: At one time, computers were expensive (and limited in power) and people were (relatively) inexpensive.
1. Adapt the person to the computer. Example: command line interface. A command line interface can be easily automated (e.g., batch languages).
As time went on, computers were inexpensive (and had a lot more power) and people were (relatively) much more expensive. Visuals can be deceptive, not easily automated.
2. Adapt the computer to the person. Example: GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Bible analogy: Which is better? Explain.
1. Should people adapt to the Bible translation? That is, always translate "into" as "into" and let the person adapt to what "into" means in, say, Greek.
2. Should the Bible translation adapt to the person? That is, translators should decide on what they think the meaning of a word is and use an English word that means what they think the text means.
[useful psychology, Matthew 18 and into, John 1 and towards]
70. Terrible cruise
It has been raining a lot recently (June 2025).
Terrible cruise, rained the whole time. Forty days and forty nights.
They did have a great buffet. I had two of everything.
It was a reign of terror. I'm not lying to you.
71. End of page
That is, one accepts only new information that confirms what one already believes or has heard, etc. You can ignore facts that you do not know about (ignorance of the law) or ignore things in order to deceive others (and yourself).
