In the GNT (Greek New Testament), Paul advises his long-time helper Timothy to try some wine to help with some intestinal issue.

For this reason, Saint Timothy is sometimes invoked against stomach and intestinal disorders.

From this verse, it is inferred that Timothy was somewhat frail and not always in the best of health.

The English word "wine", and words for wine in many other languages, come from the PIE (Proto Indo-European) root "WOYHNOM" ≈ "wine, vine".

• The Middle English word "wyn" ≈ "wine".
• The Old English word "win" ≈ "wine".
• The German word "Wein" ≈ "wine". The German "w" is pronounced like an English "v".
• The Gothic word "win" ≈ "wine".

Many words for "wine" in many languages are related to the corresponding word for "vine".

• The ancient Greek word "οἶνος" ≈ "wine".
• The modern Greek word "οίνος" (EE-nos) ≈ "wine" is an older word for "wine" and goes back to ancient times.
• The modern Greek word "κρασί" (kra-SEE) ≈ "wine".

The older ancient Greek word "Ϝοῖνος" ≈ "wine" (using the digamma with the "v" sound). The ancient Greek word for "wine" originally had a beginning letter of the digamma «Ϝ» that had the sound of a English "w" or "v" so that «οίνος» was «Ϝοινος» and pronounced more like the English "wine" or the German "Wein" ("v" sound at the beginning).

More: Greek digamma

• The Latin word "vinea" ≈ "vine".
• The Latin word "vinum" ≈ "wine".
• The Spanish word "vino" ≈ "wine, vine".

• The Old Church Slavonic word "вино" (vino) ≈ "wine"
• The Russian word "вино" (vino) ≈ "wine".

The Russian word for "vodka" comes from the Russian ward for "water".

After the flood, Noah grows a vineyard, makes wine and gets drunk.

It appears that Noah was "perfect" in his generation, as far being complete as having a clean gene pool, but was not what we today call "perfect" as in without imperfection.

Details are left as a future topic.

Jesus turns water into wine at Cana in John 2.

At the last supper, Jesus talks of drinking the fruit of the vine. At that time, spring during Passover, any wine, leftover from the Fall before, would have been somewhat fermented.

Perhaps this statement at the Last Supper is why Jesus refused the offer of wine (and myrrh to lessen the pain) at the crucifixion.

The word that the KJV (King James Version) translates as "fruit" is not the usual word for fruit but "offspring".

In research studies involving statistics, one tries to infer information about a population by looking at only part of the population.

Have you heard the following?

• Coffee is bad for you.
• Drinking red wine in moderation is good for you.

It is well known that in statistical studies, the inclusion or exclusion of factors can influence the result. Factors are often manipulated to get the result that is desired.

A goal of getting newspaper headlines, publicity, funding for projects, etc., can greatly influence what research is done and/or published. For this reason, one should always take research studies with a large grain of salt (i.e., in a very skeptical manner).

The wine industry, and wine lovers, like the advice about drinking red wine in moderation. However, people who do everything in moderation are more likely to drink red wine in moderation.

The coffee study did not account for heavy drinkers and/or smokers.

Does the following describe you?

• If a little is good, more is better.

Moderation in many, if not all, things can be good for one's long term health.

• The ancient Greek word "ἐπιείκεια" ≈ "reasonableness" as in equity or fairness (of persons) and is from the ancient Greek word "ἐπιεικής" ≈ "reasonable".
• The Latin word "modestia" ≈ "moderation" and is the source of the English word "modest".

Balance is a key part of moderation.