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Calques
by RS  admin@creationpie.org : 1024 x 640


1. Calques

2. Calques
One way to translate a word or phrase is to use what is called a "calque", which is sometimes called a "loan translation".

The English word "calque" is from the French word "calque""trace, imitation, close copy".

3. Word for word
This is a "word-for-word" translation which itself is a calque from the Latin phrase "verbum pro verbo""word for word". Note that it is possible that this phrase could have originated independently of the Latin phrase, so sometimes some historical linguistics research is needed. A calque is created by taking the parts of a word in a source language and directly translating them into a target language.

The English word "skyscraper" has been often translated by using the word for "sky" and the word for "scraper" to obtain the translated word.

4. Sky scraper

5. 1 Chronicles 22:2
 All 
KJV: And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of God.
Hebrew: ויאמר דויד לכנוס את הגרים אשר בארץ ישראל ויעמד חצבים לחצוב אבני גזית לבנות בית האלהים׃
Greek: και ειπεν δαυιδ συναγαγειν παντας τους προσηλυτους εν γη ισραηλ και κατεστησεν λατομους λατομησαι λιθους ξυστους του οικοδομησαι οικον τω θεω
Wycliffe: And he comaundide that alle conuersis fro hethenesse to the lawe of Israel`schulden be gaderid`of the lond of Israel; and he ordeynede of hem masouns for to kytte stoonys and for to polische, that the hows of the Lord schulde be bildid;
Luther: Und David hieß versammeln die Fremdlinge, die im Lande Israel waren, und bestellete Steinmetzen, Steine zu hauen, das Haus Gottes zu bauen.

6. Cut stones
The Middle English word "kytte""cut" as in "cut stones" is used by Wycliffe.

7. English calques from Latin
Many abstract terms in English, German, etc., become easier to learn when one realizes that they are calques from Latin (or another language).

8. Expressions
The mathematical expression 1*2*3*4 evaluates (or is pressed out) to a value of 24.

9. Passover
The Koine Greek word "πάσχα""passover" is from the Hebrew word "פסח" (pesakh) ≈ "Passover" where the English word "Passover" is a calque by William Tyndale (1494-1536) from the Hebrew.

It is not clear if the Koine Greek word "πάσχα""passover" had any effect on the later meaning of the similar ancient Greek word "πάσχω""undergo, experience" that is often translated by the KJV (King James Version) as "suffer" in a negative sense.
Information sign More: Active and passive actions

10. Calque: The good news
One often hears the Bible message presented as the "Good News". This saying is a calque of the Greek.

The modern Greek word "ευαγγέλιον" (ev-agh-Y-lee-on) ≈ "good news" where the modern Greek prefix "ευ" (ev) ≈ "good" and the modern Greek word "άγγελμα" (AGH-yl-ma) ≈ "message, announcement" from which we get the English word "angel" as a "messenger". Los Angeles is named as the city of "angels".

The English word "evangelical" literally means "good news". The word "gospel" is a calque from Old English.
Information sign More: Calque: The good news

11. Calque: The goat that escaped
The English word "scapegoat" is a calque of the Hebrew word "עזאזל" (ez-ozel) ≈ "goat that departs" which appears only in Hebrew in Leviticus 16:8, 10, 26. עזאזל - scapegoat
Verse routeLeviticus 16:8 And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. [kjv]

Information sign More: Calque: The goat that escaped

12. Calque: Advocate
The English word "advocate" comes from the Middle English word "advoket""advocate" which comes through French from the Latin word "advocare""to call for, advocate".

This Latin word was a legal term for calling for aid, assistance, representing a witness, etc.
The Latin word comes from two Latin roots. The Latin word "advocare""to call for, advocate" is a calque of the ancient Greek word "παράκλητος""advocate".
Information sign More: Calque: Advocate

13. Fruit: longsuffering and enduring patience
Any sermon on the topic of "patience" from the list of fruit needs to be taken carefully. There are two Greek words that have been translated as "patience". Both Paul and James use both of them so there appears to be a distinction made so that they may not be interchangeable.

Verse routeGalatians 5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, [kjv]
Verse routeο δε καρπος του πνευματος εστιν αγαπη χαρα ειρηνη μακροθυμια χρηστοτης αγαθωσυνη πιστις [gnt]
Verse routelonganimitas … [v]
Verse routepacience… [wy]

The ancient Greek word "μακροθυμία""longsuffering, patience" and comes from "μᾰκρό""long" and "θῡμός""soul, desire, temper, passion" and many related meanings.
Information sign More: Fruit: longsuffering and enduring patience

14. End of page

by RS  admin@creationpie.org : 1024 x 640