- *G3900 *19 παράπτωμα (par-ap'-to-mah) : from G3895; a side-slip (lapse or deviation), i.e. (unintentional) error or (wilful) transgression:--fall, fault, offence, sin, trespass.
- παραπτωματα *6
- Matthew 6:14 ... ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father ...
- Matthew 6:15 ... men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.
- Mark 11:25 ... may forgive you your trespasses.
- Romans 4:25 Who was delivered for our offences, and was raised again for ...
- 2 Corinthians 5:19 ... not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed ...
- Colossians 2:13 ... in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses;
- παραπτωματι *4
- Romans 5:15 But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many ...
- Romans 5:17 For if by one man's offence death reigned ...
- Romans 11:11 ... God forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the Gentiles, ...
- Galatians 6:1 ... a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, ...
- παραπτωμα *3
- Romans 5:15 But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many ...
- Romans 5:20 Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where ...
- Romans 11:12 Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, ...
- παραπτωμασιν *3
- Ephesians 2:1 And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins;
- Ephesians 2:5 ... we were dead in sins, hath quickened us together with Christ, (by grace ...
- Colossians 2:13 ... in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses;
- παραπτωματων *2
- Romans 5:16 ... the free gift is of many offences unto justification.
- Ephesians 1:7 ... his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace;
- παραπτωματος
- Romans 5:18 Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all ...
26. Usage - faults
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Words: παραπτωμα=3 παραπτωμασιν=3 παραπτωματα=6 παραπτωματι=4 παραπτωματος παραπτωματων=2
|
27. Fault
James 5:16 Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another, that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much. [kjv]
εξομολογεισθε ουν αλληλοις παραπτωματα τας αμαρτιας και υπερ αλληλων οπως ιαθητε πολυ ισχυει δεησις δικαιου ενεργουμενη [gnt]
Some manuscripts of the
GNT use the Greek word for "
sins".
28. James 5:16
KJV: Confess your faults one to another, and pray one for another, that ye may be healed. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much.
Greek: εξομολογεισθε ουν αλληλοις τα παραπτωματα ταςαμαρτιας και ευχεσθε προσευχεσθε υπερ αλληλων οπως ιαθητε πολυ ισχυει δεησις δικαιου ενεργουμενη
29. Cases
Some languages have more
cases than others. Here are some cases. The
dative case has
disappeared in
modern Greek.
| N |
Nominative |
| D |
Dative |
| A |
Accusative |
| G |
Genitive |
| V |
Vocative |
|
... |
The Greek word for
"case" comes from the ancient Greek word
"πτώση" ≈ "fallen, dropped". A similar phrase is used in English is a reference to a
"lower class" or
"low life" or
"culturally abused". This Greek word is related to the Greek word for
"poor" or
"beggar" but is a word used by Jesus to refer to those who need the "
Good News".
In grammar, the word means a
"case" such as nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, etc. In a logical syllogism, it can mean an arrangement of terms.
30. Trespass
31. Romans 11:12
KJV: Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fulness?
Greek: ει δε το παραπτωμα αυτων πλουτος κοσμου και το ηττημα αυτων πλουτος εθνων ποσω μαλλον το πληρωμα αυτων
32. Galatians 6:1
KJV: Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted.
Greek: αδελφοι εαν και προληφθη προλημφθη ανθρωπος εν τινι παραπτωματι υμεις οι πνευματικοι καταρτιζετε τον τοιουτον εν πνευματι πραοτητος πραυτητος σκοπων σεαυτον μη και συ πειρασθης
33. Matthew 6:12
KJV: And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.
Greek: και αφες ημιν τα οφειληματα ημων ως και ημεις αφιεμεν αφηκαμεν τοις οφειλεταις ημων
34. Closer look
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
6:15 But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. [kjv]
εαν δε μη αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων ουδε ο πατηρ υμων αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων [gnt]
The ancient Greek word
"παράπτωσις" ≈ "impetuous pursuit, going astray". The parts of the word mean, literally, going "
beyond falling".
The "
trespasses" in these two verses are often equated with "
debts" or "
sins". Notice that whatever it means, it is not necessarily against you. Which of the following is harder to do? The "
forgive" means to "
let go".
35. One common misinterpretation
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
- Matthew 6:14: trespasses
- Matthew 18:21: sin against
18:21 Then came Peter to him, and said, Lord, how oft shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times? [kjv]
τοτε προσελθων ο πετρος ειπεν αυτω κυριε ποσακις αμαρτησει εις εμε ο αδελφος μου και αφησω αυτω εως επτακις [gnt]
The "
against" is not in Matthew 6:14 (or 15)! That is, you should "
let go" of "
sins" done by others even if they are not against you.
36. A better interpretation
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
The
KJV (King James Version) uses "
trespasses" but the Greek word is more general as in "
things" or, to the extreme, "
stupid things" (that do not violate God's Laws).
37. Matthew 6:12 Forgiving debts
Matthew 6:12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. [kjv]
και αφες ημιν τα οφειληματα ημων ως και ημεις αφηκαμεν τοις οφειλεταις ημων [gnt]
The Greek for "
forgive" as that of "
letting go" where there is the idea of separation. The ancient Greek word
"ἀφίημι" ≈ "send away, let pass".
The Greek for "
debts" has to do with an obligation to someone, such as "
owing" money. It could be any obligation. Luke uses the word Greek word for "
sins" whereas Matthew uses the word for "
debts".
[sin not undo death]
38. An even better interpretation
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
The "
things" can be thought of as "
stupid things" as a simplification of the ancient Greek word (used here)
"παράπτωσις" ≈ "impetuous pursuit, going astray". The parts of the word mean, literally, going "
beyond falling".
39. Mark
Mark 11:25 And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. [kjv]
και οταν στηκετε προσχευχομενοι αφιετε ει τι εχετε κατα τινος ινα και ο πατηρ υμων ο εν τοις ουρανοις αφη υμιν τα παραπτωματα υμων [gnt]
11:26 But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses. [kjv]
Mark is a variation of Matthew that uses the same word for "
things" as in "
stupid things" that people do and which you cannot "
let go". Mark adds one part about something unspecified that you have against others.
Verse 11:26 is not is some Greek manuscripts.
40. Mark 11:25
KJV: And when ye stand praying, forgive, if ye have ought against any: that your Father also which is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses.
Greek: και οταν στηκητε στηκετε προσχευχομενοι αφιετε ει τι εχετε κατα τινος ινα και ο πατηρ υμων ο εν τοις ουρανοις αφη υμιν τα παραπτωματα υμων
41. Mark 11:26
KJV: But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses.
Greek: ει δε υμεις ουκ αφιετε ουδε ο πατηρ υμων ο εν τοις ουρανοις αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων
42. Forgiveness hierarchy
Here is a forgiveness hierarchy, perhaps exaggerated at the outer level.
Which is easier? Which is harder?
- Forgive others of their "trespasses", sins or debts against you.
- Forgive others of their "trespasses", sins or debts that could be against anyone.
- Forgive others of their "impetuous pursuit" or "falling down" or "stupid things" done that should not be done, even if it is not a trespass, sin or debt.
Discuss: What implication does this have for advocating political or social change?
43. Forgive build
44. Matthew 6:14
KJV: For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you:
Greek: εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος
45. Matthew 6:15
KJV: But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.
Greek: εαν δε μη αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων ουδε ο πατηρ υμων αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων
46. Luke 11:4
KJV: And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. @CZ(t=[ And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. ])
Greek: και αφες ημιν τας αμαρτιας ημων και γαρ αυτοι αφιεμεν αφιομεν παντι οφειλοντι ημιν και μη εισενεγκης ημας εις πειρασμον αλλα ρυσαι ημας απο του πονηρου
47. Against others
2 Samuel 17:23 And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, to his city, and put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died, and was buried in the sepulchre of his father. [kjv]
και αχιτοφελ ειδεν οτι ουκ εγενηθη η βουλη αυτου και επεσαξεν την ονον αυτου και ανεστη και απηλθεν εις τον οικον αυτου εις την πολιν αυτου και ενετειλατο τω οικω αυτου και απηγξατο και απεθανεν και εταφη εν τω ταφω του πατρος αυτου [lxx]
An example of someone who did not "
let go" of a sin that happened to someone else was Ahithophel. What made Ahithophel so bitter against David? David did not sin against him.
It appears, from the references, that Ahithophel (2 Samuel 17:23) was the grandfather of Bathsheba. He did not "
let go". Ahithophel was the father of Eliam (2 Samuel 23:34). Eliam is the father of Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11:3)
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Details are left as a future topic.
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48. Matthew
Matthew makes an allusion when he describes Judas after the betrayal.
Matthew 27:5 And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. [kjv]
και ριψας τα αργυρια εις τον ναον ανεχωρησεν και απελθων απηγξατο [gnt]
Acts 1:18 Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. [kjv]
Many point out the discrepancy between Matthew and Acts. It appears that Matthew wants to make an analogy to Ahithophel as this word is only used in these two places, the
GNT in Matthew and the
LXX in 2 Samuel.
49. Idioms
People often ascribe translation errors to idioms. This is one place where an idiom makes sense but is often rejected. English has many idioms for killing oneself.
- to "drink the Kool-Aid"
- to "kick the bucket"
- to "go to the happy hunting grounds"
- to "be with one's maker"
- to "go to a better place"
- to be "pushing up daisies"
50. False teaching as poison
Talking about false teachers, early church father
Ignatius writes the following to the
Trallians (part 6.2, underlining added).
The Greek for "
unsuspecting" is "
ignorant". One needs to study the truth to not be "
ignorant".
English: ... these people, while pretending to be trustworthy, mix Jesus Christ with themselves - like those who administer a deadly drug with honeyed wine, which the unsuspecting victim accepts without fear and so with final pleasure drinks down death. Holmes, M. (2007). The Apostolic Fathers. 3rd Ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, p. 219.
What is the
functional difference between the following?
- Someone who says "I am Christ. Do this." (false Christ).
- Someone who says "I represent Christ. Christ says to do this.".
51. Matthew 27:5
KJV: And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself.
Greek: και ριψας τα αργυρια εν τω ναω εις τον ναον ανεχωρησεν και απελθων απηγξατο
52. Acts 1:18
KJV: Now this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; and falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
Greek: ουτος μεν ουν εκτησατο χωριον εκ του μισθου της αδικιας και πρηνης γενομενος ελακησεν μεσος και εξεχυθη παντα τα σπλαγχνα αυτου
53. 2 Samuel 17:23
KJV: And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, to his city, and put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died, and was buried in the sepulchre of his father.
Hebrew: ואחיתפל ראה כי לא נעשתה עצתו ויחבש את החמור ויקם וילך אל ביתו אל עירו ויצו אל ביתו ויחנק וימת ויקבר בקבר אביו׃
Greek: και αχιτοφελ ειδεν οτι ουκ εγενηθη η βουλη αυτου και επεσαξεν την ονον αυτου και ανεστη και απηλθεν εις τον οικον αυτου εις την πολιν αυτου και ενετειλατο τω οικω αυτου και απηγξατο και απεθανεν και εταφη εν τω ταφω του πατρος αυτου
54. Parable
Consider the parable of the friend at midnight in Luke 11:5-8.
How might what Jesus says in the Lord's Prayer and right afterwards, in Matthew, help understand the parable of the friend at midnight in Luke 11:5-8, right after the Lord's Prayer in Luke?
55. Luke 11:5-8: Parable of the friend at midnight
Luke 11:5 And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; [kjv]
και ειπεν προς αυτους τις εξ υμων εξει φιλον και πορευσεται προς αυτον μεσονυκτιου και ειπη αυτω φιλε χρησον μοι τρεις αρτους [gnt]
The parable by Jesus of the friend at midnight is in Luke 11:5-8. One take-away is that one should not be afraid to ask repeatably for daily bread. A comparison is often made to the parable of the unjust judge in Luke 18.
Is this really what the parable of the friend at midnight means?
In Greek, the "
three" (as usual) precedes the "
loaves".
Note: There could be multiple meanings. All the meanings can be true (in some sense).
56. Parable of the friend at midnight
Luke 11:5 And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; [kjv]
και ειπεν προς αυτους τις εξ υμων εξει φιλον και πορευσεται προς αυτον μεσονυκτιου και ειπη αυτω φιλε χρησον μοι τρεις αρτους [gnt]
11:6 For a friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I have nothing to set before him? [kjv]
11:7 And he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not: the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I can not rise and give thee. [kjv]
11:8 I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will rise and give him as many as he needeth. [kjv]
λεγω υμιν ει και ου δωσει αυτω αναστας δια το ειναι φιλον αυτου δια γε την αναιδειαν αυτου εγερθεις δωσει αυτω οσων χρηζει [gnt]
What is "
importunity"? Who in the story has "
importunity"?
57. End of page
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
6:15 But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. [kjv]
εαν δε μη αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων ουδε ο πατηρ υμων αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων [gnt]
The corresponding Hebrew word "חטא" (chata) ≈ "sin"which means sin as in "to miss the mark" or "to go wrong".
Matthew 6:12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. [kjv]
και αφες ημιν τα οφειληματα ημων ως και ημεις αφηκαμεν τοις οφειλεταις ημων [gnt]
Matthew 6:12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. [kjv]
και αφες ημιν τα οφειληματα ημων ως και ημεις αφηκαμεν τοις οφειλεταις ημων [gnt]
This part of the prayer is a request. Jesus then appears to clarify that part of the prayer. He uses some different words.
This is a transitive relationship.
Matthew 18:21 Then came Peter to him, and said, Lord, how oft shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? till seven times? [kjv]
18:22 Jesus saith unto him, I say not unto thee, Until seven times: but, Until seventy times seven. [kjv]
Matthew 6:12 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. [kjv]
και αφες ημιν τα οφειληματα ημων ως και ημεις αφηκαμεν τοις οφειλεταις ημων [gnt]
6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
6:15 But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. [kjv]
εαν δε μη αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων ουδε ο πατηρ υμων αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων [gnt]
Luke 11:4 And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. … [kjv]
και αφες ημιν τας αμαρτιας ημων και γαρ αυτοι αφιομεν παντι οφειλοντι ημιν και μη εισενεγκης ημας εις πειρασμον [gnt]
Galatians 2:18 For if I build again the things which I destroyed, I make myself a transgressor. [kjv]
ει γαρ α κατελυσα ταυτα παλιν οικοδομω παραβατην εμαυτον συνιστανω [gnt]
Matthew 6:14 For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you: [kjv]
εαν γαρ αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων αφησει και υμιν ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος [gnt]
6:15 But if ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses. [kjv]
εαν δε μη αφητε τοις ανθρωποις τα παραπτωματα αυτων ουδε ο πατηρ υμων αφησει τα παραπτωματα υμων [gnt]
Romans 11:12 Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fulness? [kjv]
ει δε το παραπτωμα αυτων πλουτος κοσμου και το ηττημα αυτων πλουτος εθνων ποσω μαλλον το πληρωμα αυτων [gnt]
Galatians 6:1 Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness; considering thyself, lest thou also be tempted. [kjv]
αδελφοι εαν και προλημφθη ανθρωπος εν τινι παραπτωματι υμεις οι πνευματικοι καταρτιζετε τον τοιουτον εν πνευματι σκοπων σεαυτον μη και συ πειρασθης [gnt]
